An independent guide to Louisiana local government. This is not an official government website.

Election day is Tuesday, November 3

What's on the ballot and key dates

On the ballot: U.S. Senate, U.S. House, and proposed constitutional amendments, plus local races in some areas.

  • Early voting and absentee ballot requests are now closed.
  • Mailed absentee ballots must reach your parish registrar of voters by Monday, November 2 at 4:30 p.m. A postmark does not count, so mail it early.
  • On election day, polls are open 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. If you are in line when polls close, you can still vote.

Richland Parish

Local election results for Saturday, October 12, 2019, including statewide races. Official results from the Louisiana Secretary of State. Each race has a map by precinct.

Other elections here
Every election in Richland Parish
Other parishes
Local results for every parish that day
Parish offices today
Richland Parish offices and contacts

Parish offices

Sheriff

Gary Gilley (Independent) won with 77.8% of the vote.

  • Gary Gilley IndependentElected

    77.8% 6,017 votes

  • Perry Fleming IndependentDefeated

    22.2% 1,720 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Gary Gilley
Perry Fleming
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 4,836 votes cast at the polls in 23 precincts. The 2,901 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

7,737 votes cast; 56.8% of the 14,118 registered voters in the area turned out.

Clerk of Court

Stacie Williamson (Republican) won with 61.2% of the vote.

  • Stacie Williamson RepublicanElected

    61.2% 4,406 votes

  • "Wayne" Chapman RepublicanDefeated

    38.8% 2,799 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Stacie Williamson
"Wayne" Chapman
  • Another candidate, or a tie
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 4,421 votes cast at the polls in 23 precincts. The 2,784 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

7,205 votes cast; 56.8% of the 14,118 registered voters in the area turned out.

Police Juror, District 1

Steven Craig (Republican) won with 64.8% of the vote.

  • Steven Craig RepublicanElected

    64.8% 557 votes

  • Dewanna Kay Goodman IndependentDefeated

    35.2% 302 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Steven Craig
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 594 votes cast at the polls in 2 precincts. The 265 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

859 votes cast; 59.4% of the 1,540 registered voters in the area turned out.

Police Juror, District 2

Patrick Stubblefield (Democrat) won with 51.9% of the vote.

  • Patrick Stubblefield DemocratElected

    51.9% 475 votes

  • Freddie "NeNe" Harris DemocratDefeated

    37.4% 342 votes

  • Stacy Hutchinson RepublicanDefeated

    10.7% 98 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Patrick Stubblefield
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 598 votes cast at the polls in 2 precincts. The 317 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

915 votes cast; 57.5% of the 1,648 registered voters in the area turned out.

Police Juror, District 3

No one got a majority, so Barbara Carroll (Independent) and Joe "Ricky" Dorsey (Democrat) went to a runoff.

  • Barbara Carroll IndependentIn runoff

    40.7% 228 votes

  • Joe "Ricky" Dorsey DemocratIn runoff

    37.9% 212 votes

  • Billy Matlock RepublicanDefeated

    21.4% 120 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Barbara Carroll
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 345 votes cast at the polls in 1 precinct. The 215 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

560 votes cast; 41.7% of the 1,438 registered voters in the area turned out.

Police Juror, District 4

No one got a majority, so "Steve" Lofton (Republican) and Steve Adcock (Independent) went to a runoff.

  • "Steve" Lofton RepublicanIn runoff

    31.4% 280 votes

  • Steve Adcock IndependentIn runoff

    22.4% 200 votes

  • Phillip Hendrix RepublicanDefeated

    19.1% 171 votes

  • Guthrie Nielsen RepublicanDefeated

    14.2% 127 votes

  • Lee Rogers RepublicanDefeated

    12.9% 115 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
"Steve" Lofton
Steve Adcock
Phillip Hendrix
  • Another candidate, or a tie
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 581 votes cast at the polls in 6 precincts. The 312 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

893 votes cast; 58.3% of the 1,581 registered voters in the area turned out.

Police Juror, District 5

Jesse Lively, Jr. (Republican) won with 54.2% of the vote.

  • Jesse Lively, Jr. RepublicanElected

    54.2% 488 votes

  • Paul Slayter RepublicanDefeated

    45.8% 413 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Jesse Lively, Jr.
Paul Slayter
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 462 votes cast at the polls in 3 precincts. The 439 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

901 votes cast; 61.9% of the 1,516 registered voters in the area turned out.

Police Juror, District 6

Althan Smith (Democrat) won with 55.0% of the vote.

  • Althan Smith DemocratElected

    55.0% 264 votes

  • Johnny "Renael" Jones IndependentDefeated

    45.0% 216 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Johnny "Renael" Jones
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 265 votes cast at the polls in 1 precinct. The 215 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

480 votes cast; 42.4% of the 1,258 registered voters in the area turned out.

Police Juror, District 7

No one got a majority, so Cecil Reddick (Republican) and Clay Russell (Republican) went to a runoff.

  • Cecil Reddick RepublicanIn runoff

    46.5% 502 votes

  • Clay Russell RepublicanIn runoff

    37.1% 400 votes

  • Jerry Crawford DemocratDefeated

    16.4% 177 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Cecil Reddick
Clay Russell
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 633 votes cast at the polls in 2 precincts. The 446 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,079 votes cast; 65.1% of the 1,694 registered voters in the area turned out.

State Legislature

State Senator, 32nd Senatorial District

Glen D. Womack (Republican) won with 50.1% of the vote.

This race covers 10 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Richland Parish: Glen D. Womack 25.9%, "Steve" May 65.7%, Judia "Judy" Duhon 4.8%, Daniel M. "Danny" Cole 3.6%.

  • Glen D. Womack RepublicanElected

    50.1% 18,588 votes

  • "Steve" May RepublicanDefeated

    30.7% 11,400 votes

  • Judia "Judy" Duhon DemocratDefeated

    12.8% 4,763 votes

  • Daniel M. "Danny" Cole DemocratDefeated

    6.3% 2,341 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
"Steve" May
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 205 votes cast at the polls in 1 precinct. The 46 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

37,092 votes cast; 55.5% of the 70,319 registered voters in the area turned out.

Results by parish
ParishGlen D. Womack"Steve" MayJudia "Judy" DuhonDaniel M. "Danny" ColeTurnout
Avoyelles Parish61.4%87420.2%28810.8%1537.6%10857.2%
Caldwell Parish25.0%89965.0%2,3418.4%3011.7%6057.8%
Catahoula Parish61.5%2,40014.1%55018.1%7076.3%24660.8%
Concordia Parish59.3%2,39717.7%71514.8%5988.2%33152.0%
Franklin Parish57.1%4,01724.2%1,70312.8%9035.8%41054.4%
LaSalle Parish44.3%2,48139.3%2,1998.9%4987.5%41865.0%
Ouachita Parish31.1%60456.3%1,0938.8%1703.8%7345.4%
Rapides Parish60.9%3,55226.4%1,5417.2%4215.4%31749.4%
Richland Parish25.9%6565.7%1654.8%123.6%953.6%
West Feliciana Parish37.4%1,29923.2%80528.8%1,00010.6%36959.6%

Courts and judges

Justice of the Peace, Justice of the Peace Ward 2

Brenda "Faye" Reddick (Independent) won with 70.6% of the vote.

  • Brenda "Faye" Reddick IndependentElected

    70.6% 1,607 votes

  • Kathy Toney No partyDefeated

    29.4% 669 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Brenda "Faye" Reddick
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 1,241 votes cast at the polls in 9 precincts. The 1,035 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

2,276 votes cast; 51.0% of the 5,309 registered voters in the area turned out.

Statewide and federal races in Richland Parish

Attorney General

"Jeff" Landry (Republican) won with 66.2% of the vote.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Richland Parish: "Jeff" Landry 75.6%, "Ike" Jackson, Jr. 24.4%.

  • "Jeff" Landry RepublicanElected

    66.2% 855,366 votes

  • "Ike" Jackson, Jr. DemocratDefeated

    33.8% 436,502 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
"Jeff" Landry
"Ike" Jackson, Jr.
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 4,539 votes cast at the polls in 23 precincts. The 2,868 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,291,868 votes cast; 45.9% of the 2,963,011 registered voters in the area turned out.

Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry

Michael G. "Mike" Strain (Republican) won with 56.8% of the vote.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Richland Parish: Michael G. "Mike" Strain 64.3%, Marguerite Green 12.1%, "Charlie" Greer 11.4%, Bradley Zaunbrecher 7.5%.

  • Michael G. "Mike" Strain RepublicanElected

    56.8% 724,706 votes

  • Marguerite Green DemocratDefeated

    20.3% 259,718 votes

  • "Charlie" Greer DemocratDefeated

    8.4% 106,891 votes

  • Bradley Zaunbrecher RepublicanDefeated

    8.3% 105,721 votes

  • Peter Williams DemocratDefeated

    6.2% 79,632 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Michael G. "Mike" Strain
Marguerite Green
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 4,557 votes cast at the polls in 23 precincts. The 2,835 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,276,668 votes cast; 45.9% of the 2,963,011 registered voters in the area turned out.

Commissioner of Insurance

James J. "Jim" Donelon (Republican) won with 53.5% of the vote.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Richland Parish: James J. "Jim" Donelon 59.3%, "Tim" Temple 40.7%.

  • James J. "Jim" Donelon RepublicanElected

    53.5% 631,728 votes

  • "Tim" Temple RepublicanDefeated

    46.5% 549,132 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
James J. "Jim" Donelon
"Tim" Temple
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 4,117 votes cast at the polls in 23 precincts. The 2,690 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,180,860 votes cast; 45.9% of the 2,963,011 registered voters in the area turned out.

Governor

No one got a majority, so John Bel Edwards (Democrat) and "Eddie" Rispone (Republican) went to a runoff.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Richland Parish: John Bel Edwards 31.9%, "Eddie" Rispone 3.8%, Ralph Abraham 63.3%, Oscar "Omar" Dantzler 0.5%.

  • John Bel Edwards DemocratIn runoff

    46.6% 625,970 votes

  • "Eddie" Rispone RepublicanIn runoff

    27.4% 368,319 votes

  • Ralph Abraham RepublicanDefeated

    23.6% 317,149 votes

  • Oscar "Omar" Dantzler DemocratDefeated

    0.8% 10,993 votes

2 other candidates: 1.6% together
Patrick "Live Wire" Landry Republican0.8%10,966
Gary Landrieu Independent0.8%10,084

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
John Bel Edwards
Ralph Abraham
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 4,983 votes cast at the polls in 23 precincts. The 2,954 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,343,481 votes cast; 45.9% of the 2,963,011 registered voters in the area turned out.

Lieutenant Governor

William "Billy" Nungesser (Republican) won with 68.1% of the vote.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Richland Parish: William "Billy" Nungesser 74.3%, Willie Jones 25.7%.

  • William "Billy" Nungesser RepublicanElected

    68.1% 884,309 votes

  • Willie Jones DemocratDefeated

    31.9% 413,556 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
William "Billy" Nungesser
Willie Jones
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 4,610 votes cast at the polls in 23 precincts. The 2,863 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,297,865 votes cast; 45.9% of the 2,963,011 registered voters in the area turned out.

Secretary of State

No one got a majority, so Kyle Ardoin (Republican) and "Gwen" Collins-Greenup (Democrat) went to a runoff.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Richland Parish: Kyle Ardoin 39.4%, "Gwen" Collins-Greenup 25.4%, Thomas J. Kennedy III 27.2%, Amanda "Jennings" Smith 8.1%.

  • Kyle Ardoin RepublicanIn runoff

    41.1% 528,253 votes

  • "Gwen" Collins-Greenup DemocratIn runoff

    33.8% 434,587 votes

  • Thomas J. Kennedy III RepublicanDefeated

    19.0% 244,646 votes

  • Amanda "Jennings" Smith RepublicanDefeated

    6.1% 78,986 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Kyle Ardoin
"Gwen" Collins-Greenup
Thomas J. Kennedy III
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 4,524 votes cast at the polls in 23 precincts. The 2,848 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,286,472 votes cast; 45.9% of the 2,963,011 registered voters in the area turned out.

Treasurer

John M. Schroder (Republican) won with 60.0% of the vote.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Richland Parish: John M. Schroder 68.6%, Derrick Edwards 26.9%, Teresa Kenny 4.4%.

  • John M. Schroder RepublicanElected

    60.0% 769,462 votes

  • Derrick Edwards DemocratDefeated

    34.5% 442,740 votes

  • Teresa Kenny No partyDefeated

    5.5% 69,908 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
John M. Schroder
Derrick Edwards
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 4,497 votes cast at the polls in 23 precincts. The 2,869 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,282,110 votes cast; 45.9% of the 2,963,011 registered voters in the area turned out.

BESE, District 5

Ashley Ellis (Republican) won with 62.0% of the vote.

This race covers 19 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Richland Parish: Ashley Ellis 63.0%, Stephen Chapman 37.0%.

  • Ashley Ellis RepublicanElected

    62.0% 96,476 votes

  • Stephen Chapman RepublicanDefeated

    38.0% 59,039 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Ashley Ellis
Stephen Chapman
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 4,184 votes cast at the polls in 23 precincts. The 2,686 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

155,515 votes cast; 48.0% of the 377,234 registered voters in the area turned out.

Propositions, taxes, and recalls

School District No. 1 Proposition (Bond)

School District No. 1, $24.16M Bond - SB - 20 Yrs.

Passed: 48.5% voted yes and 51.5% voted no.

What the ballot said

Shall School District No. 1 of the Parish of Richland, State of Louisiana (the "District"), incur debt and issue bonds to the amount of not exceeding $24,160,000, in one or more series, to run not exceeding 20 years from date thereof, with interest at a rate or rates not exceeding 8% per annum, for the purpose of acquiring and/or improving lands for building sites and playgrounds, including construction of necessary sidewalks and streets adjacent thereto; purchasing, erecting and/or improving school buildings and other school related facilities within and for the District and acquiring the necessary equipment and furnishings therefor, title to which shall be in the public; which bonds will be general obligations of the District and will be payable from ad valorem taxes to be levied and collected in the manner provided by Article VI, Section 33 of the Constitution of the State of Louisiana of 1974 and statutory authority supplemental thereto, with an estimated increase of 13 mills to be levied in the first year of issue above the 7 mills currently being levied to pay General Obligation Bonds of the District?

  • Yes

    48.5% 1,020 votes

  • NoDefeated

    51.5% 1,081 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Which side won each precinct, and by how much

Under 55%55 to 65%Over 65%
Yes
No
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 1,438 votes cast at the polls in 7 precincts. The 663 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

2,101 votes cast; 58.6% of the 3,754 registered voters in the area turned out.

Constitutional amendments

Amendment 1

Tax Exemptions for Outer Continental Shelf

Passed: 47.3% voted yes and 52.7% voted no.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Richland Parish: Yes 45.5%, No 54.5%.

What the ballot said

Do you support an amendment to exempt raw materials, goods, commodities, personal property, and other articles stored in public and private warehouses and destined for the Outer Continental Shelf from ad valorem taxes? (December 1, 2019) (Amends Article VII, Section 21(D)(2) and (3))

  • Yes

    47.3% 575,542 votes

  • NoDefeated

    52.7% 642,508 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Which side won each precinct, and by how much

Under 55%55 to 65%Over 65%
Yes
No
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 4,297 votes cast at the polls in 23 precincts. The 2,776 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,218,050 votes cast; 45.9% of the 2,963,011 registered voters in the area turned out.

Amendment 2

Amend Education Excellence Fund

Passed: 50.4% voted yes and 49.6% voted no.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Richland Parish: Yes 45.9%, No 54.1%.

What the ballot said

Do you support an amendment to provide for appropriations from the Education Excellence Fund for the Louisiana Educational Television Authority, Thrive Academy, and laboratory schools operated by public postsecondary education institutions? (Amends Article VII, Section 10.8(C)(3)(b), (c), and (g); Repeals Article VII, Section 10.8(C)(3)(d))

  • YesApproved

    50.4% 612,257 votes

  • No

    49.6% 602,745 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Which side won each precinct, and by how much

Under 55%55 to 65%Over 65%
Yes
No
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 4,274 votes cast at the polls in 23 precincts. The 2,775 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,215,002 votes cast; 45.9% of the 2,963,011 registered voters in the area turned out.

Amendment 3

Remedy for Unconstitutional Tax Paid

Passed: 57.9% voted yes and 42.1% voted no.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Richland Parish: Yes 53.9%, No 46.1%.

What the ballot said

Do you support an amendment to protect taxpayers by requiring a complete remedy in law for the prompt recovery of any unconstitutional tax paid and to allow the jurisdiction of the Board of Tax Appeals to extend to matters related to the constitutionality of taxes? (Adds Article V, Section 35)

  • YesApproved

    57.9% 700,217 votes

  • No

    42.1% 509,530 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Which side won each precinct, and by how much

Under 55%55 to 65%Over 65%
Yes
No
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 4,275 votes cast at the polls in 23 precincts. The 2,753 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,209,747 votes cast; 45.9% of the 2,963,011 registered voters in the area turned out.

Amendment 4

Allow New Orleans Property Tax Exemptions

Passed: 36.5% voted yes and 63.5% voted no.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Richland Parish: Yes 29.3%, No 70.7%.

What the ballot said

Do you support an amendment to allow the City of New Orleans to exempt property within Orleans Parish from all or part of ad valorem taxes that would otherwise be due for the purpose of promoting affordable housing? (Adds Article VII, Section 21(O))

  • Yes

    36.5% 442,998 votes

  • NoDefeated

    63.5% 770,395 votes

By precinct in Richland Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Which side won each precinct, and by how much

Under 55%55 to 65%Over 65%
Yes
No
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 4,252 votes cast at the polls in 23 precincts. The 2,763 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,213,393 votes cast; 45.9% of the 2,963,011 registered voters in the area turned out.

Turnout by precinct

The turnout map loads as you scroll to it.

Share of registered voters in each precinct who voted at the polls on election day

  • 40% to 50%
  • 50% to 60%
  • 60% to 70%
  • 70% to 80%
  • 80% to 90%

Early and absentee voters are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't included here.