An independent guide to Louisiana local government. This is not an official government website.

Election day is Tuesday, November 3

What's on the ballot and key dates

On the ballot: U.S. Senate, U.S. House, and proposed constitutional amendments, plus local races in some areas.

  • Early voting and absentee ballot requests are now closed.
  • Mailed absentee ballots must reach your parish registrar of voters by Monday, November 2 at 4:30 p.m. A postmark does not count, so mail it early.
  • On election day, polls are open 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. If you are in line when polls close, you can still vote.

Calcasieu Parish

Local election results for Saturday, October 14, 2023, including statewide races. Official results from the Louisiana Secretary of State. Each race has a map by precinct.

Other elections here
Every election in Calcasieu Parish
Other parishes
Local results for every parish that day
Parish offices today
Calcasieu Parish offices and contacts

Parish offices

Sheriff

"Stitch" Guillory (No party) won with 59.7% of the vote.

  • "Stitch" Guillory No partyElected

    59.7% 24,851 votes

  • "Les" Blanchard RepublicanDefeated

    28.3% 11,777 votes

  • Dustan Abshire RepublicanDefeated

    6.0% 2,482 votes

  • Elizabeth Gray Carrier DemocratDefeated

    3.2% 1,322 votes

2 other candidates: 2.8% together
"Mike" Reid Republican2.5%1,060
Bradley Moss Independent0.3%110

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
"Stitch" Guillory
"Les" Blanchard
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 28,790 votes cast at the polls in 123 precincts. The 12,812 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

41,602 votes cast; 33.8% of the 125,167 registered voters in the area turned out.

Police Juror, District 1

Darby Quinn (Republican) won with 50.7% of the vote.

  • Darby Quinn RepublicanElected

    50.7% 1,776 votes

  • Reath Chauvin RepublicanDefeated

    49.3% 1,730 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Darby Quinn
Reath Chauvin
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 2,003 votes cast at the polls in 7 precincts. The 1,503 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

3,506 votes cast; 40.6% of the 8,946 registered voters in the area turned out.

Police Juror, District 2

Michael "Mike" Smith (Democrat) won with 59.5% of the vote.

  • Michael "Mike" Smith DemocratElected

    59.5% 1,660 votes

  • Shawntel Carter-Willis DemocratDefeated

    22.4% 624 votes

  • Emile LeVon Fontenot DemocratDefeated

    18.1% 505 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Michael "Mike" Smith
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 1,784 votes cast at the polls in 10 precincts. The 1,005 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

2,789 votes cast; 32.0% of the 9,497 registered voters in the area turned out.

Police Juror, District 3

Eddie Earl Lewis, Jr. (Democrat) won with 60.1% of the vote.

  • Eddie Earl Lewis, Jr. DemocratElected

    60.1% 1,369 votes

  • Shelly Mayo DemocratDefeated

    39.9% 908 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Eddie Earl Lewis, Jr.
Shelly Mayo
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 1,585 votes cast at the polls in 12 precincts. The 692 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

2,277 votes cast; 31.2% of the 7,878 registered voters in the area turned out.

Police Juror, District 4

Tony Guillory (Democrat) won with 57.9% of the vote.

  • Tony Guillory DemocratElected

    57.9% 1,181 votes

  • Mack Dellafosse, Jr. DemocratDefeated

    42.1% 858 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Tony Guillory
Mack Dellafosse, Jr.
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 1,370 votes cast at the polls in 11 precincts. The 669 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

2,039 votes cast; 29.1% of the 7,391 registered voters in the area turned out.

Police Juror, District 8

Mary Kaye Eason (Republican) won with 53.9% of the vote.

  • Mary Kaye Eason RepublicanElected

    53.9% 1,780 votes

  • Emily Fenet-Parker RepublicanDefeated

    38.3% 1,266 votes

  • Scott Washington RepublicanDefeated

    7.8% 256 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Mary Kaye Eason
Emily Fenet-Parker
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 2,191 votes cast at the polls in 6 precincts. The 1,111 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

3,302 votes cast; 41.0% of the 8,450 registered voters in the area turned out.

Police Juror, District 9

Anthony L. Bartie (Democrat) won with 68.0% of the vote.

  • Anthony L. Bartie DemocratElected

    68.0% 1,336 votes

  • Felicia Frank DemocratDefeated

    32.0% 628 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Anthony L. Bartie
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 1,363 votes cast at the polls in 5 precincts. The 601 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,964 votes cast; 28.3% of the 7,481 registered voters in the area turned out.

State Legislature

State Senator, 25th Senatorial District

Mark Abraham (Republican) won with 80.7% of the vote.

This race covers 4 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Calcasieu Parish: Mark Abraham 75.4%, Joshua "Josh" Lewis 24.6%.

  • Mark Abraham RepublicanElected

    80.7% 21,937 votes

  • Joshua "Josh" Lewis DemocratDefeated

    19.3% 5,250 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Mark Abraham
Joshua "Josh" Lewis
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 11,029 votes cast at the polls in 36 precincts. The 4,298 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

27,187 votes cast; 38.6% of the 72,886 registered voters in the area turned out.

Results by parish
ParishMark AbrahamJoshua "Josh" LewisTurnout
Acadia Parish94.1%1,2375.9%7741.2%
Calcasieu Parish75.4%11,55624.6%3,77135.7%
Cameron Parish93.5%2,4476.5%16955.5%
Jefferson Davis Parish84.5%6,69715.5%1,23340.5%

State Representative, 34th Representative District

Wilford Carter, Sr. (Democrat) won with 62.2% of the vote.

  • Wilford Carter, Sr. DemocratElected

    62.2% 4,599 votes

  • Kevin D. Guidry DemocratDefeated

    29.9% 2,211 votes

  • Franklin D. Lewis, Sr. DemocratDefeated

    7.9% 581 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Wilford Carter, Sr.
Kevin D. Guidry
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 5,099 votes cast at the polls in 30 precincts. The 2,292 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

7,391 votes cast; 29.8% of the 25,754 registered voters in the area turned out.

Courts and judges

District Judge, 14th Judicial District Court, ES 1, Div. F

Bobby Holmes (Democrat) won with 54.8% of the vote.

  • Bobby Holmes DemocratElected

    54.8% 5,389 votes

  • Sa'Trica Williams Bensaadat DemocratDefeated

    45.2% 4,450 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Bobby Holmes
Sa'Trica Williams Bensaadat
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 6,855 votes cast at the polls in 43 precincts. The 2,984 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

9,839 votes cast; 29.6% of the 36,217 registered voters in the area turned out.

District Judge, 14th Judicial District Court, ES 2, Div. C

No one got a majority, so William J. "Bill" Cutrera (Republican) and Brad Guillory (Republican) went to a runoff.

  • William J. "Bill" Cutrera RepublicanIn runoff

    38.5% 6,373 votes

  • Brad Guillory RepublicanIn runoff

    32.4% 5,354 votes

  • Mark Judson RepublicanDefeated

    29.1% 4,805 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
William J. "Bill" Cutrera
Brad Guillory
Mark Judson
  • Another candidate, or a tie
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 11,044 votes cast at the polls in 37 precincts. The 5,488 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

16,532 votes cast; 38.2% of the 45,234 registered voters in the area turned out.

Statewide and federal races in Calcasieu Parish

Attorney General

No one got a majority, so "Liz" Baker Murrill (Republican) and Lindsey Cheek (Democrat) went to a runoff.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Calcasieu Parish: "Liz" Baker Murrill 47.9%, Lindsey Cheek 20.4%, John Stefanski 17.2%, Perry Walker Terrebonne 6.9%.

  • "Liz" Baker Murrill RepublicanIn runoff

    45.2% 463,103 votes

  • Lindsey Cheek DemocratIn runoff

    23.4% 239,652 votes

  • John Stefanski RepublicanDefeated

    16.8% 172,300 votes

  • Perry Walker Terrebonne DemocratDefeated

    7.3% 74,479 votes

  • "Marty" Maley RepublicanDefeated

    7.2% 74,176 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
"Liz" Baker Murrill
Lindsey Cheek
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 27,923 votes cast at the polls in 123 precincts. The 12,554 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,023,710 votes cast; 36.3% of the 2,970,684 registered voters in the area turned out.

Governor

"Jeff" Landry (Republican) won with 51.6% of the vote.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Calcasieu Parish: "Jeff" Landry 52.7%, Shawn D. Wilson 18.7%, Stephen "Wags" Waguespack 5.0%, John Schroder 1.0%.

  • "Jeff" Landry RepublicanElected

    51.6% 547,827 votes

  • Shawn D. Wilson DemocratDefeated

    25.9% 275,525 votes

  • Stephen "Wags" Waguespack RepublicanDefeated

    5.9% 62,287 votes

  • John Schroder RepublicanDefeated

    5.3% 56,654 votes

11 other candidates: 11.3% together
Hunter Lundy Independent4.9%52,165
Daniel M. "Danny" Cole Democrat2.6%27,662
Sharon W. Hewitt Republican1.7%18,468
Benjamin Barnes Independent0.5%5,190
Patrick Henry "Dat" Barthel Republican0.4%4,426
Richard Nelson Republican0.3%3,605
Jeffery Istre Independent0.3%3,400
Xavier Ellis Republican0.2%1,734
"Keitron" Gagnon No party0.1%1,260
"Xan" John Republican0.1%1,164
Frank Scurlock Independent0.1%1,131

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
"Jeff" Landry
Shawn D. Wilson
  • Another candidate, or a tie
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 28,981 votes cast at the polls in 123 precincts. The 12,804 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,062,498 votes cast; 36.3% of the 2,970,684 registered voters in the area turned out.

Lieutenant Governor

William "Billy" Nungesser (Republican) won with 65.5% of the vote.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Calcasieu Parish: William "Billy" Nungesser 62.0%, Willie Jones 19.9%, Elbert Guillory 7.9%, "Tami" Hotard 6.7%.

  • William "Billy" Nungesser RepublicanElected

    65.5% 678,531 votes

  • Willie Jones DemocratDefeated

    20.5% 211,988 votes

  • Elbert Guillory RepublicanDefeated

    6.2% 64,058 votes

  • "Tami" Hotard RepublicanDefeated

    4.9% 50,711 votes

2 other candidates: 2.9% together
Bruce Payton Independent1.7%17,195
Gary Rispone No party1.3%13,111

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
William "Billy" Nungesser
Willie Jones
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 28,262 votes cast at the polls in 123 precincts. The 12,590 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,035,594 votes cast; 36.3% of the 2,970,684 registered voters in the area turned out.

Secretary of State

No one got a majority, so Nancy Landry (Republican) and "Gwen" Collins-Greenup (Democrat) went to a runoff.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Calcasieu Parish: Nancy Landry 14.9%, "Gwen" Collins-Greenup 16.1%, "Mike" Francis 33.7%, Clay Schexnayder 13.0%.

  • Nancy Landry RepublicanIn runoff

    19.3% 197,514 votes

  • "Gwen" Collins-Greenup DemocratIn runoff

    19.2% 196,534 votes

  • "Mike" Francis RepublicanDefeated

    17.9% 182,842 votes

  • Clay Schexnayder RepublicanDefeated

    14.7% 149,987 votes

4 other candidates: 28.8% together
Arthur A. Morrell Democrat11.1%113,703
Thomas J. Kennedy III Republican10.1%102,628
Brandon Trosclair Republican6.3%64,686
Amanda "Smith" Jennings Other party1.3%13,275

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
"Gwen" Collins-Greenup
"Mike" Francis
  • Another candidate, or a tie
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 28,002 votes cast at the polls in 123 precincts. The 12,621 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,021,169 votes cast; 36.3% of the 2,970,684 registered voters in the area turned out.

Treasurer

No one got a majority, so John Fleming (Republican) and Dustin Granger (Democrat) went to a runoff.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Calcasieu Parish: John Fleming 44.2%, Dustin Granger 31.4%, Scott McKnight 24.4%.

  • John Fleming RepublicanIn runoff

    44.0% 442,668 votes

  • Dustin Granger DemocratIn runoff

    32.0% 321,423 votes

  • Scott McKnight RepublicanDefeated

    24.0% 241,125 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
John Fleming
Dustin Granger
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 27,550 votes cast at the polls in 123 precincts. The 12,511 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,005,216 votes cast; 36.3% of the 2,970,684 registered voters in the area turned out.

BESE, District 7

No one got a majority, so Kevin M. Berken (Republican) and Erick Knezek (Republican) went to a runoff.

This race covers 8 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Calcasieu Parish: Kevin M. Berken 36.7%, Erick Knezek 24.3%, Cathy S. Banks 39.0%.

  • Kevin M. Berken RepublicanIn runoff

    36.8% 47,861 votes

  • Erick Knezek RepublicanIn runoff

    34.2% 44,534 votes

  • Cathy S. Banks RepublicanDefeated

    29.0% 37,654 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Who got the most votes in each precinct, and their share

Under 50%50 to 60%Over 60%
Kevin M. Berken
Cathy S. Banks
  • Another candidate, or a tie
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 26,759 votes cast at the polls in 123 precincts. The 12,049 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

130,049 votes cast; 37.5% of the 377,132 registered voters in the area turned out.

Propositions, taxes, and recalls

City of Sulphur Proposition (Revised Home Rule Charter)

City of Sulphur, Adoption of Revised HRC - CC

Passed: 29.4% voted yes and 70.6% voted no.

What the ballot said

Shall the revised and restated Home Rule Charter for the City of Sulphur, prepared and submitted by the duly constituted citizen Charter Commission according to Article VI, Section 5, of the Constitution of Louisiana and other applicable law, be adopted?

  • Yes

    29.4% 1,077 votes

  • NoDefeated

    70.6% 2,588 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Which side won each precinct, and by how much

Under 55%55 to 65%Over 65%
Yes
No
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 2,363 votes cast at the polls in 13 precincts. The 1,302 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

3,665 votes cast; 30.2% of the 12,533 registered voters in the area turned out.

Iowa Fire Protection District No. 1 Proposition (Bond)

Iowa Fire Protection District No. 1, 2.5M Bond - BOC - 20 Yrs.

Passed: 70.4% voted yes and 29.6% voted no.

What the ballot said

Shall Iowa Fire Protection District No. 1 of the Parish of Calcasieu, Louisiana (the "District"), incur debt and issue bonds in an amount not exceeding $2,500,000 for a period not to exceed twenty (20) years from the date thereof, with interest at a rate not exceeding 7.0% per annum, for the purpose of acquiring, constructing, improving, maintaining or operating fire protection facilities, machinery and equipment, including both real and personal property, and purchasing firefighting equipment to be used to provide fire protection of the property within the District, title to which shall be in the public, which said bonds shall be retired with, paid from and secured by an ad valorem tax on all taxable property within the limits of the District, sufficient in rate and amount to pay said bonds in principal and interest, with the estimated millage rate to be 14.00 in the first year of issue?

  • YesApproved

    70.4% 448 votes

  • No

    29.6% 188 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Which side won each precinct, and by how much

Under 55%55 to 65%Over 65%
Yes
No
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 529 votes cast at the polls in 4 precincts. The 107 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

636 votes cast; 33.2% of the 2,097 registered voters in the area turned out.

Constitutional amendments

Amendment 1

Prohibits the use of private funds in the administration of elections.

Passed: 72.6% voted yes and 27.4% voted no.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Calcasieu Parish: Yes 73.9%, No 26.1%.

What the ballot said

Do you support an amendment to prohibit the use of funds, goods, or services from a foreign government or a nongovernmental source to conduct elections and election functions and duties unless the use is authorized by the secretary of state through policies established in accordance with law? (Adds Article XI, Section 6)

  • YesApproved

    72.6% 734,324 votes

  • No

    27.4% 277,564 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Which side won each precinct, and by how much

Under 55%55 to 65%Over 65%
Yes
No
  • A tie
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 27,706 votes cast at the polls in 123 precincts. The 12,691 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,011,888 votes cast; 36.3% of the 2,970,684 registered voters in the area turned out.

Amendment 2

Provides that the freedom of worship is a fundamental right worthy of the highest protection.

Passed: 79.2% voted yes and 20.8% voted no.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Calcasieu Parish: Yes 80.1%, No 19.9%.

What the ballot said

Do you support an amendment to provide that the freedom of worship in a church or other place of worship is a fundamental right that is worthy of the highest order of protection? (Adds Const. Article XII, Section 17)

  • YesApproved

    79.2% 805,676 votes

  • No

    20.8% 211,621 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Which side won each precinct, and by how much

Under 55%55 to 65%Over 65%
Yes
No
  • A tie
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 27,845 votes cast at the polls in 123 precincts. The 12,732 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,017,297 votes cast; 36.3% of the 2,970,684 registered voters in the area turned out.

Amendment 3

Dedicates certain payments to be applied to the state retirement system unfunded accrued liability.

Passed: 56.2% voted yes and 43.8% voted no.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Calcasieu Parish: Yes 56.2%, No 43.8%.

What the ballot said

Do you support an amendment to require that a minimum of twenty-five percent of any money designated as nonrecurring state revenue be applied toward the balance of the unfunded accrued liability of the state retirement systems? (Amends Article VII, Section 10(D)(2)(b)(ii) and (iii))

  • YesApproved

    56.2% 559,540 votes

  • No

    43.8% 436,717 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Which side won each precinct, and by how much

Under 55%55 to 65%Over 65%
Yes
No
  • A tie
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 27,349 votes cast at the polls in 123 precincts. The 12,574 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

996,257 votes cast; 36.3% of the 2,970,684 registered voters in the area turned out.

Amendment 4

Restricts ad valorem tax exemptions for certain nonprofit organizations.

Passed: 66.0% voted yes and 34.0% voted no.

This race covers 64 parishes; the results below are for all of them. In Calcasieu Parish: Yes 66.9%, No 33.1%.

What the ballot said

Do you support an amendment to deny a property tax exemption to a nonprofit corporation or association that owns residential property in such a state of disrepair that it endangers public health or safety? (Amends Article VII, Section 21(B))

  • YesApproved

    66.0% 661,332 votes

  • No

    34.0% 340,632 votes

By precinct in Calcasieu Parish

The precinct map loads as you scroll to it.

Which side won each precinct, and by how much

Under 55%55 to 65%Over 65%
Yes
No
  • Not voting in this race, or no votes

Shows the 27,464 votes cast at the polls in 123 precincts. The 12,633 early and absentee votes are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't on the map.

1,001,964 votes cast; 36.3% of the 2,970,684 registered voters in the area turned out.

Turnout by precinct

The turnout map loads as you scroll to it.

Share of registered voters in each precinct who voted at the polls on election day

  • 0% to 15%
  • 15% to 30%
  • 30% to 45%
  • 45% to 60%
  • 60% to 75%

Early and absentee voters are counted for the whole parish, not by precinct, so they aren't included here.